The first equation is the differential form of Gauss’ law ( ∇ → ⋅ E → = ρ / ϵ 0), where ρ is the charge density. Maxwell’s equations are a re-manifestation of the laws of electrostatics and magnetostatics. The high-energy γ-rays were discovered by Paul Villard in 1900 when he was studying the radioactive emission of radium. Later on, these rays were named X-rays and became the backbone of medical noninvasive investigation of the human body. Subsequently, Wilhelm Rontgen noticed a new type of radiation while carrying out high-voltage experiments with an evacuated tube. Hertz is also credited with the discovery of microwaves that later became the backbone of the modern revolution (wireless technology and radio). In 1886, Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect the low-frequency electromagnetic radiation that today we call radio waves. Around the same time, Johann Ritter discovered ultraviolet rays when he discovered that invisible light rays induce certain chemical reactions. As per the records, William Herschel discovered infrared radiation in 1800, when he noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red while studying different colors by thermometer using a prism. Some of the historical milestones leading to the discovery of waves are worth mentioning. The entire electromagnetic spectrum encompasses radiation that we know today, i.e., visible, X-ray, γ-ray, ultraviolet, radio waves, microwaves, and very long waves (thousands of kilometers). He has served as an editorial board member for several distinguished journals, including AIP Advances (AIP Publishing), Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing), Microscopy Research and Technique (Wiley), and Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences (Frontiers). Professor Mondal's specialized areas of research include super-resolution microscopy, microfluidics, imaging cytometry, optical tweezers, light sheet technologies, fluorescence microscopy, and nanolithography. He has over 65 journal publications and 25 contributions to conference proceedings to his credit and is co-author of the book Fundamentals of Fluorescence Microscopy (Springer). Professor Mondal has been a visiting professor at University of Maine, Orono, USA, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. He worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and as an ICTP TRIL fellow at University of Genova, Italy. Partha Pratim Mondal, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, where he earned his Ph.D.
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